Sistematización teórica para un estudio sobre el envejecimiento poblacional como fenómeno polisémico

El envejecimiento poblacional es uno de los problemas más latentes en la realidad actual cubana. Según cifras de la ONEI la población de más de 60 años asciende a más de dos millones de personas. Este es un fenómeno presente a lo largo del ciclo vital desde el mismo proceso de la concepción hasta la muerte; el que, a pesar de ser un fenómeno natural conocido por todos, ha resultado a muchos difícil aceptarlo como una realidad innata a todo ser. Dada la gran complejidad de los cambios que se producen durante el mismo, no ha de sorprender la existencia de más de 300 teorías a los fines de explicar el dónde, el cómo y el porqué de estos cambios. En el presente artículo se caracteriza doctrinalmente el fenómeno del envejecimiento poblacional en Cuba como proceso irreversible, único, individual, universal de cambio que involucra todas las dimensiones del ser humano y disminuye la velocidad de los procesos del cuerpo; sustentado su análisis en los fundamentos teóricos del mismo, así como en la visión totalizadora, que permite asumirlo como totalidad dialéctica, por ello se asume como objetivo Sistematizar una concepción teórica y metodológica que sustente el carácter polisémico del proceso de envejecimiento de la población. El estudio se desarrolla en el momento actual, como parte de un proceso de investigación que se acomete en el Tribunal Provincial de La Habana.

Population aging is one of the most latent problems in the current Cuban reality. According to ONEI figures, the population over 60 years of age amounts to more than two million people. This is a phenomenon present throughout the life cycle from the very process of conception until death; which, despite being a natural phenomenon known to all, has been difficult for many to accept as an innate reality to all beings. Given the great complexity of the changes that occur during it, it is not surprising that there are more than 300 theories in order to explain the where, how and why of these changes. In this article, the phenomenon of population aging in Cuba is doctrinally characterized as an irreversible, unique, individual, universal process of change that involves all dimensions of the human being, and slows down the processes of the body; Supporting its analysis on its theoretical foundations, as well as on the totalizing vision, which allows it to be assumed as a dialectical totality, for this reason it is assumed as an objective to Systematize a theoretical and methodological conception that supports the polysemic nature of the aging process of the population. The study is being carried out at the present time, as part of an investigation process that is being undertaken in the Provincial Court of Havana.

Factores asociados al uso de métodos anticonceptivos en mujeres en edad fértil de 15 a 49 años según encuesta demográfica en Perú / Associated factors within the use of contraceptive methods in women of childbearing age between 15 to 49 years old according to a demographic survey in Peru

Introducción: Los métodos anticonceptivos son importantes herramientas para lograr una planificación familiar deseada. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al uso de métodos anticonceptivos en mujeres en edad fértil de 15 a 49 años según ENDES 2018. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, analítico y retrospectivo. Se analizó la muestra de la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica de Salud Familiar (ENDES), del año 2018 a mujeres peruanas entre 15 a 49 años que respondieron el módulo de métodos anticonceptivos. Resultados: Mayor prevalencia de usuarias de métodos anticonceptivos en el área urbana (RP=1,046, IC:1,037 ­ 1,054), según estado conyugal se evidencia un mayor uso en casadas o convivientes (RP=1,080 IC:1,071 ­ 1,090), en el nivel educativo se obtiene que mujeres con estudios superiores tiene mayor prevalencia de uso de anticonceptivos (RP= 1,021, IC:1,016 ­ 1,026) y, finalmente, la edad en la 1ª relación sexual menor a los 17 años tiene mayor prevalencia (RP = 1,017 IC:1,016 ­ 1,026). Conclusión: Existe asociación positiva entre residir en área urbana, edad de primera relación sexual menor a 17 años, ser casada o conviviente y tener grado de instrucción superior y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos.

Background: Contraceptive methods are an important tool to achieve the desired family planning.To determine the factors associated Objective:within the use of contraceptive methods in women of childbearing age between 15 to 49 years old according to the ENDES 2018. Material and methods: Descriptive, observational, analytical and retrospective study. The sample, of the National Demographic Survey of Family Health (ENDES) 2018, to Peruvian women between 15 to 49 years old who responded to the contraceptive methods module was analyzed. Results: There is a higher prevalence of women using contraceptive methods in the urban area (PR = 1,046, CI: 1,037 - 1,054), according the marital status there is a high use in married women of contraceptive use (PR = 1,080 CI: 1,071 - 1,090), in the educational level it's obtained that women with higher education have a higher prevalence of contraceptive use (PR = 1,021, CI: 1,016 - 1,026) and, finally, that the age in the first sex relationship before 17 years has a higher prevalence (PR = 1,017 CI: 1,016 - 1,026). Conclusion: There is a positive association between living in an urban area, age of first sexual intercourse less than 17 years, being married and having high educational level in the use of contraceptive methods.

Consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with sociodemographic factors in the adult population of the 27 Brazilian state capitals (2019) / Consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e associação com fatores sociodemográficos na população adulta das 27 capitais brasileiras (2019)

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the magnitude of consumption of ultra-processed foods in the adult population (≥ 18 years old) in the capitals of the 27 federative units of Brazil, as well as its association with sociodemographic variables. METHODS Data used in this study stem from participants (n = 52,443) of the 2019 wave of the annual survey of the "National surveillance system for risk and protective factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey" (Vigitel). The consumption of ultra-processed foods was described based on a score, corresponding to the sum of positive responses to questions about consumption on the previous day of thirteen subgroups of ultra-processed foods frequently consumed in Brazil. Poisson regression models were used to describe the crude and adjusted associations between high consumption of ultra-processed foods (scores ≥ 5) and sex, age group, and level of education. RESULTS The frequency of high consumption of ultra-processed foods was 18.2% (95% CI 17.4-19.0). With or without adjustment for other sociodemographic variables, this frequency was significantly lower in females and decreased linearly with age. In the crude analysis, there was an increase in the frequency of high consumption from the lower level to the intermediate level of education and a decrease in this consumption from the intermediate level to the upper level. In the analysis adjusted for sex and age, the frequency of high consumption of ultra-processed foods was significantly lower at the higher level of education (12 or more years of study), with no differences between the other levels. CONCLUSION Ultra-processed foods are consumed with high frequency in the adult Brazilian population in the 27 capitals of the federation. Being male, younger and having less education than university are conditions that increase, independently, the consumption of these foods.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a magnitude do consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados na população adulta (≥ 18 anos) das capitais das 27 unidades federativas do Brasil e sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas. MÉTODOS Os dados utilizados neste estudo provêm dos participantes (n = 52.443) da onda 2019 do inquérito anual do "Sistema nacional de vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico" (Vigitel). O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi descrito com base em escore correspondente à somatória de respostas positivas para questões sobre o consumo no dia anterior de treze subgrupos de alimentos ultraprocessados frequentemente consumidos no Brasil. Modelos de regressão de Poisson foram utilizados para descrever as associações bruta e ajustada do alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (escores ≥ 5) com sexo, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade. RESULTADOS A frequência de alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi 18,2% (IC95% 17,4-19,0). Com ou sem o ajuste para as demais variáveis sociodemográficas, essa frequência foi significativamente menor no sexo feminino e diminuiu linearmente com a idade. Na análise bruta, evidenciou-se aumento na frequência de alto consumo do nível inferior para o nível intermediário de escolaridade e diminuição desse consumo do nível intermediário para o superior. Na análise ajustada por sexo e idade, a frequência de alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi significativamente menor no nível superior de escolaridade (12 ou mais anos de estudo), não havendo diferenças entre os demais níveis. CONCLUSÃO Alimentos ultraprocessados são consumidos com alta frequência na população brasileira adulta das 27 capitais da federação. Pertencer ao sexo masculino, ser mais jovem e ter escolaridade inferior à universitária são condições que aumentam, de forma independente, o consumo desses alimentos.

Perfil social y económico de los pacientes diagnosticados con trastornos del humor del Hospital Departamental Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle, Cali / Social and economic profile of patients diagnosed with Mood disorders at the hospital Departamental psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle-Cali"

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en dar a conocer un perfil social, económico y demográfico de la población registrada con SISBÉN en el Hospital Departamental Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle (HDPUV) entre el 2009 y el 2018, cuyo diagnóstico se encuentra dentro del grupo de los trastornos del humor (correspondiente al espectro de códigos del CIE-10 que va desde F30 a F39, episodio maníaco, trastorno bipolar, episodio depresivo, trastorno depresivo recurrente, trastorno del humor persistente, otros trastornos del humor, trastorno del humor sin especificación). Se optó por un trabajo en el que se complementó la información entre las bases de datos del SISBÉN de Cali y la del HDPUV para profundizar en datos sobre pobreza y vulnerabilidad de las personas que son potenciales beneficiarios de programas sociales estatales. Se identificaron 5.280 pacientes diagnosticados con trastornos del humor, en su mayoría mujeres (70,4 %) en condiciones de vulnerabilidad económicas, sociales y de acceso a servicios de salud, que representan otro factor más de riesgo para su salud mental.

The aim of this article is to provide a social, economic and demographic profile of the population registered with SISBÉN at the Hospital Departamental Psiquiátrico Universitario del Valle (HDPUV) between 2009 and 2018, whose diagnosis is within the group of mood disorders, (corresponding to the spectrum of ICD- 10 codes ranging from F30 to F39, manic episode, bipolar disorder, depressive episode, recurrent depressive disorder, persistent mood disorder, other mood disorders, mood disorder without specification). We opted for a study in which we complemented the information between the Cali SISBÉN and HDPUV databases to deepen in data on poverty and vulnerability of people who are potential beneficiaries of state social programs. We identified 5,280 patients diagnosed with mood disorders, mostly women (70.4%) in conditions of economic, social and access to health services vulnerability, which represent yet another risk factor for their mental health.

Caracterização do sistema familiar de pessoas com deficiência intelectual: Uma análise sociodemográfica / Characterization of family systems of people with intellectual disabilities: A sociodemographic analyse

Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar pessoas com deficiência intelectual (DI) e suas famílias, a partir de uma análise de dados sociodemográficos e das redes de apoio desse sistema. Foram participantes 71 famílias, cujos responsáveis responderam ao Questionário de Caracterização do Sistema Familiar. Os resultados indicam que a maioria das crianças e adolescentes com DI frequenta escola inclusiva, enquanto os adultos não estudam e não trabalham. Em geral, a mãe é a principal responsável pelas tarefas domésticas e as atividades de lazer são realizadas com todos os membros, havendo uma variedade delas de acordo com a fase de desenvolvimento da pessoa com DI. Entretanto, os adultos com DI são os que apresentam maior restrição de contatos sociais. As crianças com DI são as que mais frequentam serviços especializados em comparação aos adolescentes e aos adultos. Os dados indicam a necessidade de investigações futuras para que se possa implementar programas de intervenção baseados em evidências empíricas dirigidos às famílias.

This paper aims to characterize people with intellectual disabilities (ID) and their families based on an analysis of sociodemographic data and the support networks of this system. Were selected 71 families in this research whose parents answered the Family System Characterization Questionnaire. The results show that most children and adolescents with ID study in inclusive schools and adults neither study nor work. In general, all families are engaged in leisure activities, but housework is only performed by the mother. There are varieties of leisure activities depending on the developmental stage of the person with ID, however, adults with ID are the ones with the greatest restriction of social contacts. Children with ID attend specialized services more often than adolescents and adults. Data indicate the necessity for future research to implement intervention empirical evidence programs for families.

Relación entre índice de masa corporal y características sociodemográficas en adultos mayores de una institución geriátrica peruana / Relationship between corporal mass index and social and demographic characteristics in elderly from a geriatric Peruvian institution

Introducción: El incremento de la esperanza de vida de la población es un logro de la medicina contemporánea; por tanto, la evaluación del estado nutricional y los factores sociodemográficos son importantes para la prevención y control de enfermedades en los adultos mayores. Objetivo: Determinar el índice de masa corporal y su relación con las características sociodemográficas de los ancianos del Centro del Adulto Mayor de Huancayo, Junín, Perú, durante 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal de 140 adultos mayores seleccionados aleatoriamente, que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se aplicó un cuestionario para determinar los factores sociodemográficos y el estado nutricional mediante el índice de masa corporal. Los datos se analizaron en el programa Stata 14, mediante la estadística descriptiva univariada, bivariada y multivariada. Se utilizó la prueba de Ji al cuadrado. Resultados: El promedio global del índice de masa corporal fue 22,48 ± 9,5, con predominio en las mujeres. Del total de pacientes, 10 presentaron delgadez (7,1 por ciento); 78 peso normal (55,7 por ciento); 46 sobrepeso (32,9 por ciento) y 6 obesidad (4,3 por ciento). Los factores sociodemográficos asociados fueron el área de residencia, la actividad física y la presencia de comorbilidades. Conclusiones: La mayoría de adultos mayores presentaron un estado de nutrición adecuado, seguido por el sobrepeso, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de programas sanitarios en alimentación y nutrición saludable en este grupo etario.

Introduction: The increment of life expectancy in a population is an achievement of the contemporary medicine; therefore, the evaluation of the nutritional state and the social and demographic factors are important for the prevention and control of diseases in the elderly. Objective: To determine the corporal mass index and its relationship with the social and demographic characteristics of the elderly at the Elderly Center in Huancayo, Junín, Peru, during 2017. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, of 140 aged persons randomly selected who fulfil the inclusion and exclusion criteria was carried out. A questionnaire was applied to determine the social and demographic factors and the nutritional state by means of the corporal mass index. The data were analyzed in the program Stata 14, by means of the univariate, bivariate and multivariate descriptive statistics. The Chi squared test was used. Results: The global average of corporal mass index was 22.48 ± 9.5, with prevalence in women. Of the total of patient, 10 were thin (7.1 percent); 78 normal weight (55.7 percent); 46 were overweight (32.9 percent) and 6 were obese (4.3 percent). The social and demographic factors associated were the residence area, physical activity and comorbidities presence. Conclusions: Most of the elderly presented an appropriate nutritional state, followed by overweight, which evidences the necessity of health programs on feeding and healthy nutrition in this age group.

Consumo de ansiolíticos benzodiazepínicos: uma correlação entre dados do SNGPC e indicadores sociodemográficos nas capitais brasileiras / Consumption of anxiolytic benzodiazepines: a correlation between SNGPC data and sociodemographic indicators in Brazilian capitals

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é conhecer a distribuição e a frequência de consumo de ansiolíticos benzodiazepínicos, bem como avaliar a correlação entre consumo e características demográficas, epidemiológicas, econômicas e sociais. Estudo ecológico tendo como unidade amostral as 27 capitais brasileiras. A coleta de dados foi executada através do banco da Anvisa, para a dispensação do Alprazolam, Bromazepam, Clonazepam, Diazepam e Lorazepam, de 2010 a 2012, do Censo Demográfico 2010 (IBGE), Datasus e da pesquisa Demografia Médica. A análise estatística descritiva e a de regressão linear múltipla foram realizadas para análise dos dados. A região Norte possui as capitais com menores médias de consumo desses medicamentos e o Sudeste as mais elevadas. O consumo médio para a população de todas as capitais foi de 3,60 DHD. O Alprazolam é o mais dispensado pelas farmácias e drogarias particulares, com média de 2,00 DHD para as capitais. A análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou que 76% da variância do consumo foi explicada pela variação da densidade demográfica (β = 0,310 p = 0,045) e percentual de médicos (β = 0,507 p = 0,016). O consumo de ansiolíticos de meia vida curta vem crescendo ao longo dos anos, principalmente nas capitais de maior densidade demográfica e concentração de médicos.

Abstract The scope of this article is to determine the distribution and frequency of consumption of anxiolytic benzodiazepines and the correlation between consumption and demographic, epidemiological, economic and social characteristics. It is an ecological study with a sample of 27 state capitals. Data collection was performed through the ANVISA database for the dispensation of Alprazolam, Bromazepam, Clonazepam, Diazepam and Lorazepam in 2010-2012, the 2010 Demographic Census (IBGE), DATASUS and Medical Demographic Research. Descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression analyses were performed for data analysis. The northern region has capitals with the lowest and the southeast has capitals with the highest average consumption of these products. The average consumption for the population of all capitals was 3.60 DHD. Alprazolam is the drug most dispensed by pharmacies and private drugstores with average 2.00 DHD for the capitals. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 76% of the variation was explained by population density (β = 0.310 p = 0.045) and percentage of physicians (β = 0.507 p = 0.016). The consumption of short half-life anxiolytics has been on the increase, mainly in the cities of greater population density and concentration of physicians.